TUGAS
BAHASA INGGRIS BISNIS 2
MUHAMMAD RYAN ZAKARIA
26213139
3EB22
UNIVERSITAS GUNADARMA
2015-2016
1. TENSES
A
. Simple Present Tenses
· Definition
The simple present or present
simple is one of the verb forms associated with the present
tense in modern English. It is commonly referred to as a tense,
although it also encodes certain information about aspect in addition to present time.
It is called
"simple" because its basic form consists of a single word (like write or writes),
in contrast with other present tense forms such as the present progressive (is writing) and present
perfect (has written). For nearly all English verbs the simple present
is identical to the base form (dictionary
form) of the verb, except when the subject is third-person singular, in which case the ending -(e)s is
added. There are a few verbs with irregular forms, the most notable being the copula be,
which has the simple present forms am, is and are.
The principal use of the
simple present is to refer to an action or event that takes place habitually,
as in He writes for a living (in contrast to the present progressive, which refers to something
taking place at the present moment: He is writing a letter now). However
certain verbs expressing a state,
such as be and know, are used in the simple present even when
referring to a temporary present state. There are also certain other uses
(including those mentioned in the following paragraph) in which the simple
present does not reflect a habitual aspect.
· The
function:
1. Present
Simple is used to talk about activities that happen repeatedly and things that
we do regularly, such as habits and routines. Adverbs of frequency are
often used with the Present Simple.
§ I play golf
every Monday.
§ They often travel to
China.
§ She gets up
at 8:00 every day.
§ I don’t walk to
school.
§ She doesn’t
love him.
2. Secondly,
we use the Present Simple to talk about factual information, such as general
truths, scientific facts, or definitions.
§ My teacher
always arrives early.
§ Water boils at
100 celsius.
§ Doctors study for
many years.
§ The sky isn’t green.
§ The word smart means “intelligent”.
3. We
also use the Present Simple with stative verbs (non-action
verbs) to talk about states or conditions, such as physical descriptions,
feelings, relationships, knowledge, beliefs or possession.
§ She is short
and has long hair.
§ They like strawberries.
§ We want a
new car.
§ I promise I
will help you.
§ You look fantastic.
4. We
use the Present Simple to describe situations that are more or less permanent.
(If a situation is new or temporary, use the Present Continuous)
§ They work at
a bank.
§ I travel every
summer.
§ She has two
daughters.
§ Where do you live?
§ He is married.
5. The
Present Simple is also used with the Zero conditional.
6. We
use the Present Simple to talk about what happens in books, movies, and plays.
§ A young
woman travels through Europe, where she meets different
people, and finally falls in love.
§ In this book,
the hero saves the princess and marries her.
§ The main
character is very pretty and works at a café.
7. Future
schedules, timetables, and fixed plans are expressed with the Present Simple,
usually when they are set by an organization, not by us.
§ School begins at
9:00 and ends at 3:00.
§ The plane doesn’t
arrive at 3:00, it arrives at 3:30.
§ When does the
movie start?
§ The bus leaves every
15 minutes.
8. And
lastly, we also use it to talk about the future after words such as
“when”, “until”, “before”, “after”, and “as soon as”.
§ He will call
you when he has time. (Not ‘will have’)
§ I won’t go out
until it stops raining.
§ I’ll give you
the book before you go.
§ I’m going to
make dinner after I watch the news.
§ She’ll come as
soon as her babysitter arrives.
B
. Present Continuous Tense
· Definition
The present continuous,
also called the present progressive, is one of the present tenses used in
modern English, the others being the simple present and the emphatic
present. All of these can be employed in both the indicative and subjunctive moods.
· The
functions:
§ To describe
something which is happening at the exact moment of speech:
Example: The boy is crying.
§ To describe an
action that is taking place now but not at the exact moment of speech:
Example: He is working in
Dubai.
§ To describe an
event planned in the future:
Example: I'm resitting my French
exam on Tuesday.
§ With always but
meaning often (used to emphasize the frequency of an action in a
humorous or hyperbolic way):
Example: My mother is always
making me go to school!
§ To describe an
action that is taking place now and is subject to interruption:
Example: Ellen cannot come
to the phone since she is sleeping.
C
. Simple Past Tense
· Definition
Simple past tense is used to
indicate the activity in the past. Furthermore, simple past is used for
retelling successive events. So, it is commonly used in a story telling.
The formula of Simple Past Tense :
a. Without Verb :
(+) S + to be (was/were) + Obj. /
Compliment
(-) S + to be (was/were) + not +
Obj. / Compliment
(?) To be (was/were) + S + Obj. /
Compliment + ?
Example : (+) I was at home last
night
(-) I was not at home last night
(?) Was I at home last night?
b. With Verb :
(+) S + V2 + Compliment
(-) S + did + not + V1 + Compliment
(?) Did + S + V1 + Compliment + ?
Example : (+) I called him last night.
(-) I did not call him last night.
(?) Did I call him last night?
Time Signal of Simple Past Tense :
- Yesterday
- Yesterday afternoon
- Last night
- Last month
- Last week
- Last year
- An hour ago
· The
Function
To tell about activity that
began in the past and ended in the past too. We usually use simple past tense
when the adverb of time in the sentence is specific when the adverb is
not specific we can use simple perfect tense.
D
. Past Continuous Tense
· Definition
Past Continuous Tense is a
kind of tense that is used to describe an event or an action which was
happening in a certain time in the past.
The pattern of Past
Continuous Tense:
(+) S + to b (was, were) + V1-ing + .....
(-) S + to be (was, were) + not + V1-ing + .....
(?) To be (was, were) + S + V1-ing + .....?
Example :
(+) I was studying all day yesterday.
(-) I was not studying all day yesterday.
(?) Was I studying all day?
Note:
Subjek (S) To be
He,
She, It Was
I
Was
You,
We, They Were
· The
Functions:
§ To indicate
that one action was in progress when another action occurred.
§ To indicate
that two actions were progress simultaneously.
§ To indicate an
action that happened at a certain time in the past
Example :
§ I was studying
when the telephone rang.
§ When mother
came back from the market, we were watching TV.
§ She was sleeping
all afternoon yesterday.
§ I was working
when she came here.
§ He was studying
while I was coming to my house.
Adverb of time :
§ All day
yesterday.
§ The whole day
yesterday.
§ When
§ While
2. Subject-Verb Agreement
· Definition
In English grammar, subject-verb
agreement is the correspondence of a verb with itssubject in person (first,
second, or third) and number (singular
or plural). Also calledsubject-verb concord.
The principle of
subject-verb agreement applies to finite verbs in
the present
tense and, in a limited way, to the past forms of the verb to be (was and were).
· Example
Basic Principle: Singular
subjects need singular verbs; plural subjects need plural verbs.
Being able to find the right
subject and verb will help you correct errors of subject-verb agreement.
Basic Rule. A singular
subject (she, Bill, car) takes a singular verb (is, goes, shines), whereas a
plural subject takes a plural verb.
Example:
The list of items is/are
on the desk.
If you know that list is
the subject, then you will choose is for the verb.
1. Rule
1:
A subject will come before a
phrase beginning with of. This is a key rule for understanding subjects.
The word of is the culprit in many, perhaps most, subject-verb
mistakes.
Hasty writers, speakers,
readers, and listeners might miss the all-too-common mistake in the following
sentence:
Incorrect: A bouquet of
yellow roses lend color and fragrance to the room.
Correct: A bouquet of
yellow roses lends . . . (bouquet lends, not roses lend)
2. Rule
2:
Two singular subjects
connected by or, either/or, or neither/nor require a
singular verb.
Examples:
My aunt or my uncle is arriving by train today.
Neither Juan nor Carmen is available.
Either Kiana or Casey is helping today with stage
decorations.
3. Rule
3:
The verb in an or,
either/or, or neither/nor sentence agrees with the noun or
pronoun closest to it.
Examples:
Neither the plates nor the serving bowl goes on that
shelf.
Neither the serving bowl nor
the plates go on that shelf.
4. Rule
4 :
As a general rule, use a
plural verb with two or more subjects when they are connected by and.
Example: A car and
a bike are my means of transportation.
But note these exceptions:
Exceptions:
Breaking and entering is against the law.
The bed and breakfast was charming.
In those sentences, breaking
and entering and bed and breakfast are compound nouns.
5. Rule
5:
Sometimes the subject is
separated from the verb by such words as along with, as well as, besides,
not, etc. These words and phrases are not part of the subject. Ignore them
and use a singular verb when the subject is singular.
Examples:
The politician, along with the newsmen, is expected shortly.
Excitement, as well as
nervousness, is the cause of her shaking.
6. Rule
6:
In sentences beginning
with here or there, the true subject follows the verb.
Examples:
There are four hurdles to jump.
There is a high hurdle to
jump.
7. Rule
7:
Use a singular verb with
distances, periods of time, sums of money, etc., when considered as a unit.
Examples:
Three miles is too
far to walk.
Five years is the
maximum sentence for that offense.
Ten dollars is a
high price to pay.
BUT
Ten dollars (i.e., dollar bills) were scattered on the floor.
8. Rule
8:
With words that indicate
portions—e.g., a lot, a majority, some, all—Rule 1 given earlier in this
section is reversed, and we are guided by the noun after of. If the noun
after of is singular, use a singular verb. If it is plural, use a plural
verb.
Examples:
A lot of the pie has disappeared.
A lot of the pies have
disappeared.
A third of the city is unemployed.
A third of the people are unemployed.
All of the pie is gone.
9. Rule
9
With collective nouns such
as group, jury, family, audience, population, the verb
might be singular or plural, depending on the writer's intent.
Examples:
All of my family has arrived OR have arrived.
Most of the jury is here OR are here.
A third of the population was not
in favor OR were not in favor of the bill.
3. Pronoun
· What
Is a Pronoun?
In grammar, a pronoun is
defined as a word or phrase that may be substituted for a noun or noun phrase, which once replaced, is known as
the pronoun’s antecedent. How is this possible? In a nutshell, it’s because
pronouns can do everything that nouns can do. A pronoun can act as a subject,
direct object, indirect object, object of the preposition, and more. Without pronouns, we’d have to keep
on repeating nouns, and that would make our speech and writing repetitive, not
to mention cumbersome. Most pronouns are very short words. Examples include:
§ He
§ She
§ They
§ It
§ We
§ Who
As mentioned, pronouns are
usually used to replace nouns, however they can also stand in for certainadverbs, adjectives, and other pronouns. Anytime you want to talk
about a person, animal, place or thing, you can use pronouns to make your
speech or writing flow better.
· Kinds
Of Pronoun
1. Personal
pronouns
This kind of pronoun refers
to a particular person or thing. The form of the personal pronoun that is
appropriate to use for a specific sentence depends on the gender and number of
persons or things that serve as the antecedents.
Examples:
§ You are
definitely the biggest science nerd I’ve ever met.
§ In the example
above, the underlined pronoun serves as the subject.
§ Harry persuaded her to
come with him.
§ The pronoun “her”
is the object of the verb persuaded. Him, on the other hand, is the object
of the preposition with.
§ Ours is
the one on the left.
§ The pronoun “ours”
signifies possession.
2. Demonstrative
pronouns
The function of this kind of
pronoun is to point to a noun. Examples are: this, these, that, and those. The
pronouns “this” and “these” points to things that are nearby while the other
two are for things that are far. Aside from proximity, you must also consider
the number of things you are pointing out. For singular nouns, “this” and
“that” should be used, while for plural nouns “these” and “those” are
appropriate.
Examples:
§ That is the car
that I’ll buy for my birthday.
§ The speaker is
pointing out to a singular noun that is far from him/her.
§ She said she
wanted these.
§ The underlined
pronoun refers to a plural noun and also serve as the object of the verb
wanted.
3. Indefinite
pronouns
This kind of pronoun refers
to unspecified things. Some examples are: any, all, another, each, anyone,
anything, anybody, nobody, everyone, everybody, someone, somebody, few, and
many.
Examples:
§ Many were
called for the interview but only 3 were hired.
§ He’s ready to
give up everything for his family’s safety.
4. Intensive
pronouns
The function of intensive
pronouns is to give emphasis to the antecedent. Examples of this kind of
pronoun are: myself, itself, himself, herself, yourself, yourselves, themselves,
and ourselves.
Examples:
§ The president himself said
that it was a terrorist attack.
§ I myself knew
that it was a mistake.
5. Interrogative
pronouns
As the title implies, the
function of this kind of pronoun is to ask questions. Examples of interrogative
pronouns are: who, what, which, whom, whoever, whatever, whichever, and
whomever.
Examples:
§ Who wrote
the book 1984?
§ What did
the doctors say?
6. Relative
pronouns
This kind of pronoun links
one clause or phrase to another. Some of the most common relative pronouns are:
who, whoever, whomever, that, and which.
Examples:
§ The contestant who gets
the highest score wins the million dollar jackpot.
§ In this
sentence, the underlined pronoun is the subject of the verb gets. The
subordinate clause, “who gets the highest score wins the million
dollar jackpot,” describes the noun contestant.
§ He will accept whichever project
comes first.
§ The subordinate
clause, ”whichever project comes first,” serves as the object of the verb
“will accept.”
7. Reflexive
pronouns
This kind of pronoun is used
to refer back to the subject. Some of the reflexive pronouns are: yourself,
myself, ourselves, himself, herself, themselves, and itself.
Example:
§ Sandra never
forgets to send a copy of the email to herself.
§ The pronoun “herself”
refers back to the subject of the sentence, which is Sandra.
§ He promised to
repair the broken fence, however, we ended up fixing it ourselves.
§ The underlined
reflexive pronoun refers back to the subject we.
References:
